Sunday, October 22, 2006

Albrecht Durer 杜勒的生平及自畫像.txt

引用自:140.112.58.222/course/viewtopic.php?t=399&sid=42a585c88664c6219029c3f70f03062b
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Character and personality 人格特質

The best contemporary source for Dürer’s personality is contained in his self-portraits, whether from his formative years or his maturity. In the drawings, the reflection of his inner state was intended for his eyes only. This is the case in the youthful Self-portrait drawing (1484; Vienna, Albertina; W 1; S 1484/1), which reveals a playful delight in his own good looks.
最能夠說明杜勒人格特質的時代資料,是涵蓋在他的自畫像裡面的,從其人格特質形成時期到其成熟期。在這些自畫像當中,眼睛的部份被特意強調以反映他內在的精神狀態。這個情況可在他年輕時期的自畫像中可略知端倪(見圖一、圖二),畫中杜勒英俊的臉龐上透露出了快活的喜悅。
When he executed the next (1491; Erlangen, Ubib.; W 26; S 1491/9), he was 21, an age at which self-examination and self-knowledge can be of the utmost importance in determining the course of the individual’s life. Dürer drew himself in a headband, evidently passing through a crisis, caused perhaps by physical pain, which by 1493, to judge from another Self-portrait (1493; New York, Met.; W 27; S 1493/6), seems to have been overcome. Apart from a single hasty sketch (1519; Bremen, Ksthalle; W 482; S 1519/2), in which Dürer points to the part of his body where he feels pain, as the inscription makes clear, only one self-portrait drawing postdates his journeyman years: a drawing (c. 1504; Weimar, Schlossmus.) in which, with extraordinary realism, he showed himself from the knees up, naked.
在「自我內省」與「自我認知」賦予個人生命極大重要性的21歲時,杜勒完成了下一幅自畫像(於1491年),畫中的他,頭上縛著束髮帶,而且很顯然地剛經歷過一場可能是身體病痛所造成的危機。然而,從1493年另外一幅自畫像
(見圖一,p7)來判斷,他似乎已經從病痛中康復了。除了一幅杜勒指出他身體疼痛之處的速寫草稿之外,在熟練繪畫技巧(journeyman)*的時期之後,他創作了一幅自畫像(於1504年),以非常寫實的方式,畫面從膝蓋部位以上,表現出裸身的自己。

*Journeyman : 技士,或指可靠能幹但不出色的熟手( 地位在 apprentice 之上, master 之下,有時也在 craftsman 之下 )
The painted self-portraits lack the intimate quality of the drawings; instead they reveal how Dürer wished to be seen and the social status to which he aspired. In the last of these paintings (1500; Munich, Alte Pin.), with its close approximation to the iconography of Christ, he demonstrated his conviction in the nobility and divine origin of his art. As the inscription makes clear, in this image he sought to take his place before the public and to set up a lasting memorial to himself. The characteristics of Dürer’s horoscope are more external: artistic genius, elegant appearance, success with women, financial success, a pleasure in weapons and travel (letter from Lorenz Behaim to Willibald Pirckheimer, 21 May 1507, see Rupprich, i, p. 254).
彩繪的自畫像缺少了繪畫的親密性,卻反映出杜勒希望自己呈現在別人面前的樣子,及反映出他渴望成就的社會地位。在他最後幾張自畫像當中,以接近基督耶穌肖像的形式,他表現出高貴性與神性的藝術信念。(見圖三,p9)正如自畫像的題字所示: 他設法在大眾面前取得他的(社會)地位,以及替他自己設立一個永久的紀念。杜勒本人的占星算命結果使得他的特質更加外顯: 天才藝術家、優雅的相貌、成功周旋於女性之間、經濟無虞、在旅遊中獲得愉悅。

Dürer enjoyed a special status in his native city of Nuremberg. Nevertheless in 1506, towards the end of his second stay in Venice, Dürer wrote to Pirckheimer: ‘Oh, how I shall freeze, there, after the sun. Here I am a gentleman, at home I am a ne’er-do-well.’ This is not entirely true, for in 1509, the same year in which he bought his impressive house by the Tiergärtner Tor, he was honored by being appointed to the city’s Greater Council.
杜勒在他定居的城市-紐倫堡,享有一種特殊的地位。不過,在杜勒結束第二趟於威尼斯的旅行之時,在他寫給皮爾克海默(Pirckheimer)的信中提到:「噢! 在陽光下,我還是被凍僵了! 在這兒(威尼斯),我是個紳士;在家裡(紐倫堡),我是個一無是處的人」這不全然是正確的:於1509年,杜勒在動物園之門(Tiergärner Tor)旁邊買了棟相當壯觀的房子。同年,他因被紐倫堡的上議會任職而深感榮幸。
The city-state took pleasure in adorning its embassies with the reflected glory of its famous artist: in 1518 he went with the Nuremberg delegation to the Imperial Diet of Augsburg; in 1519 he accompanied Pirckheimer on an official mission to Switzerland with Martin Tucher (1460–1528).
以杜勒的傑出藝術家之名來妝點其外交事務,使其紐倫堡得以榮耀,是這個城邦(紐倫堡)引以為樂的一件事: 1518年,杜勒因紐倫堡的委託參加於奧格斯堡(Augsburg)的大會;1519年,杜勒與皮爾克海默(Pirkheimer)同行,到瑞士與馬丁.圖舍(Martin Tucher)執行官方任務。
During his stay in the Netherlands, he was co-opted to the Nuremberg mission that escorted the crown jewels to Aachen for the coronation of Charles V. After Dürer had made representations to the city fathers, to the effect that he had received lucrative offers to stay both in Venice and in Antwerp, they agreed to pay him 50 guilders a year in the form of an enhanced return on a deposit of 1000 guilders. In 1512 the council took action against the fraudulent sale of counterfeit prints bearing his monogram; in 1515, in a case of threatening behaviour and slander, the offender was saved from torture and a heavy prison sentence only by the intercession of Dürer himself; and in 1527, when he was in breach of a municipal building ordinance, the fine was repaid to him in the form of an honorific gift.
杜勒在荷蘭停留的期間,為了執行替查理五世(Charles V.)加冕,他被任命為護送寶石皇冠到亞琛(Aachen)的任務成員之一。在杜勒代理城市首長之職後,他得到一份給薪優渥的工作,並得以在威尼斯和安特衛普(Antwerpen,於比利時)居留。有關單位同意支付他一年50荷盾,並且擁有1000荷盾的本金。1512年,荷蘭的議會對於附有杜勒姓名縮寫的贗品,採取抵制行動;1515年,在一個恐嚇威脅與誹謗的訴訟當中,被告犯人因杜勒居中斡旋,而免於經嚴酷地審訊及被判重罪。
1527年,杜勒違反了市政府的建築物法規,罰鍰卻是以一個恭敬審慎的方式退還給他了。
The late medieval period was an age of intense religious feeling in Germany, marked by an overriding concern with eternal salvation, and the extraordinary success of Dürer’s Apocalypse was due not least to the fact that those who saw the prints found in them a reflection of their own fears. He himself shared those same fears, until he was set free by Martin Luther, as he reported in a letter of 1520 to Georg Spalatin (1484–1545), an official in the chancery of Frederick III (Rupprich, i, p. 86).
中世紀晚期的德國處於一個宗教情節緊張的時期,在杜勒的畫作「末世啟示錄」(Apocalypse)中表現出他對於永恆救贖的首要關切,這幅畫此成功的原因在於:這幅版畫反映出人們的恐懼。直到杜勒被馬丁路德(Martin Luther)的教義解放之前,他也同樣持著關於末世救贖的恐懼,從他於1520年致喬治.史博拉廷(Georg Spalatin)-事奉於弗雷德里克三世(Frederick Ⅲ)的高級法院官員的信中可得知。

Dürer thought deeply about his faith. He belonged to a circle, of a kind common in Germany, that under the leadership of Johann von Staupitz (c. 1465–1524), an Augustinian monk and professor of theology, promoted theological knowledge among the upper echelons of the bourgeoisie and among inmates of religious houses. It is known from a list compiled by Dürer himself (London, BL, Add. MS. 5231, fol. 115r; Rupprich, i, pp. 221–2, 447) that he owned a considerable proportion of the writings published by Luther in 1517–19. In the Netherlands he obtained Luther’s De captivitate Babilonica ecclesiae praeludium in the German version (Strasbourg, 1520) by Thomas Murner (1475–1537), exchanging it for copies of his own three great books (Rupprich, i, p. 175). His lament over the supposed death of Luther is mingled with passionate protests at the defective, and in some cases the false, understanding of scripture conveyed by the medieval Church.
杜勒重視他的信仰。他屬於一個在德國境內相當普及的藝術圈,這個圈子在約翰.馮.史陶畢茲-(Johann von Staupitz)一個奉行奧古斯丁教義的修士以及神學教授的領導下,在上層資產階級、以及教會機構收容者之間推廣神學知識。從杜勒自行編輯的文件列表清單可得知:他擁有相當多馬丁路德發表的著作。在荷蘭的時期,杜勒為了得到馬丁路德的De captivitate Babilonica ecclesiae praeludium由托瑪斯.穆爾訥(Thomas Murner)所譯的德文版本,以三本自己擁有的偉大著作交換。杜勒為(誤傳的)馬丁路德已去世而哀悼,此哀悼亦包含他著對於中古世紀教堂傳達缺失、錯誤的經文教義表達強烈抗議。
Dürer’s views on the Eucharist were probably close to those of Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531), whom he probably met in Switzerland. According to Kaspar Peucer (1525–1602), he and Pirckheimer disagreed on this issue, but nothing is known of the grounds for their disagreement (Rupprich, i, p. 306). Dürer cannot be linked in any way with the outbreak of heretical excitement among younger artists in Nuremberg that led in 1524 to the banishment of Pencz and the Beham brothers for atheistic and anarchistic utterances; nor can his gift of the Four Apostles to the town hall, or the inscriptions on them, be related to the prosecutions of the three painters.
杜勒對於聖餐禮的看法可能相近於胡德率希. 茨文格利(Huldrych Zwingli)的觀點-他們可能相遇於瑞士。根據卡斯伯. 波伊舍(Kaspar Peucer)的說法: 杜勒與皮爾克海默對領聖餐禮一事意見出現分歧,但是我們無從得知到底是什麼原因使他們意見相左。1524年,在紐倫堡的年輕藝術家之間,爆發異端份子的激進事件,彭茨(Pencz)與貝海姆(Beham)兄弟以散播無神論與無政府論主義的名義被流放。而杜勒和這個流放事件沒有一點關連,在他獻給市政廳的畫作:四個門徒(Four Apostles)的題字上對於與年輕畫家被起訴隻字未提。
Although the moderation of Luther’s own views on the religious use of images prevented an outbreak of iconoclasm in Nuremberg after the city officially embraced the Reformation in 1525, Dürer was filled with anxiety over the future of art works that he found it impossible to imagine as purely secular. In the preface to the Vnderweysung der Messung, addressed to Pirckheimer, he expressly defended paintings and sculpture against the charge that they might lead a Christian soul into idolatry. The knowledge of art, he wrote, is easy to lose but hard to recover.
1525年,在紐倫堡政府當局採用馬丁路德的觀點,節制使用宗教肖像之後,防止了擁肖像派人士的抗爭。即便如此,杜勒對於藝術作品的未來仍充滿著焦慮,他認為純然以世俗的觀點去推想藝術的未來是不可能的事。在Vnderweysung der Messung,*的寫給皮爾克海默的前言中,關於畫作與雕刻的形式可能會使基督徒產生偶像崇拜心理的論點,杜勒明白地表達出他的反對。他提到: 藝術的學問是相當容易流失的,而且是難以回復的。
* Vnderweysung der Messung: 疑似原文書寫錯誤,因此無法以德文正確譯出

翻譯原文出處:

© Oxford University Press 2004 牛津大學出版社
Grove Art Online 葛洛夫藝術百科全書全文資料庫
http://www.groveart.com/shared/views/article.html?section=art.024180.1.4

圖一 Self Portrait at 22 (第22號自畫像)
名稱: 第22號自畫像
Self-portrait at 22
年代: 1493
尺寸: 57 *45 cm
媒材: 畫布 油彩
典藏單位: 法國 巴黎羅浮 宮博物館

圖片說明*(翻譯):
這是杜勒第一張彩繪自畫像,完成日期為1493年。這張自畫像被視為歐洲藝術中最早出於個人單獨目的而作。(雖然更早之前的畫家們有時也會將自己的形象置於祭壇畫或濕壁畫的人物當中)相反地,這幅自畫像的素描草稿,成為日後油畫的早期研究目標。這幅自畫像幾乎都是在斯特拉斯堡完成的,也表示著杜勒以一個繪畫技師身分,雲遊四方的時期結束了。

杜勒在自畫像的最上方題字:「一切事物都像是上天安排好的」,這是他信仰上帝的象徵。這位畫家的年輕面容藉由細長、罩在帶穗紅色軟帽下的薑黃色頭髮表現出來。在附紅穗的灰色披風下,他穿著一件樣式優雅、附著粉紅繫帶的縐褶上衣。這幅畫強調了他堅挺的鼻子、使人著迷的嘴唇、以及頎長的頸子。藉由鏡子,杜勒清楚地發現要描繪自己的手與眼睛相當困難。以自畫像來說,手與眼睛總是最具挑戰性的部份。
在粗糙的手上,杜勒握著一束刺薊花:在德語字面的意思是「男人的忠誠」,另外這種植物有時候也被視為「性慾」的象徵,由以上的事實可推測:杜勒創作這幅自畫像是為了獻給他的未婚妻。當杜勒離家遠行,他的父親替他安排了一樁婚事,將阿格內斯弗蘭德(Agnes Frey)許配給他。在杜勒返回紐倫堡兩個月後,他們於1494年7月7日成婚。然而,這幅自畫像亦有可能是獻給幾乎四年沒見面的雙親,我們可想見,在兒子遠行歸來之後,他的雙親收到這份禮物時的驚訝與喜悅。這幅畫不但顯示了杜勒俊俏的面容,同時也提示著這個畫家日後活躍發展的才華。

*第22號自畫像(Self-portrait at 22): 圖片與原文說明請見:Web Galley of Art http://gallery.euroweb.hu/html/d/durer/1/01/04self22.html



圖二 Self Portrait at 26 (第26號自畫像)
名稱: 第26號自畫像
Self-Portrait at 26
年代: 1498
尺寸: 52 *41 cm
媒材: 畫布 油彩
典藏單位: 西班牙 馬德里普拉多美術館

圖片說明*(翻譯):
這張自畫像的完成年代是1498年且題字:「26歲的我,這樣地畫下了自己」。5月21日,杜勒邁向生命的第27個年頭,這張畫作應是在年初標上日期的。杜勒的姿勢是有自信的、正立端坐著,身體稍微轉向靠在壁架上的右臂。杜勒的人像填滿了畫面,他的帽子幾乎碰到了畫面頂端。他的臉部與頸部因流進房間的光線而發亮,且細長的捲髮被相當仔細地描繪著。相較於杜勒早期的自畫像,此刻的他蓄了恰當的鬍子,這種樣式在年輕人之間是罕見的。九年後,杜勒寫了一首諷刺詩,在詩中他描述自己是「蓄著大鬍子的畫家」。
杜勒的衣著是裝飾華麗的。他優雅的外套嵌著黑色的邊,在外套下面是ㄧ件白色的縐褶衫,沿著頸線有一圈刺繡圖案。為了搭配外套的,他戴了一頂條紋狀的便帽。一件亮褐色的披風從他的左肩垂掛下來,在頸間用一條彎曲的細繩固定著。手上帶著樣式年輕的手套。
房間內部是高拱型的結構,部分框住了杜勒的頭部,畫面右邊是一扇開啟的窗戶,連結到外面優美的風景。綠色的原野與被樹木包圍的湖泊融合,遠處是白雪覆頂的群山。以透過窗戶的視線,描繪遠方的風景,這種方式師承於荷蘭的繪畫技法。
沿襲自中古世紀以來的傳統觀點,德國人仍傾向將畫家視為精通技巧的匠人。對於杜勒來說,這種觀念是難以接受的。杜勒三張著名的肖像當中,第二張(此張)肖像中的他是纖細且有貴族氣息的,像倨傲不恭的年輕貴族,捲髮且令人印象深刻。他有設計感、昂貴的衣服顯示著: 他認為自己並不是守舊、迂腐的,如同窗外的嶙峋的山景所暗示般(暗示著寬廣的視野)。杜勒宣告這些都代表著他的尊嚴,這也是他要求別人應當具備的特質。

*第26號自畫像(Self-portrait at 22): 圖片與原文說明請見:Web Galley of Art
http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/html/d/durer/1/02/index.html


圖三 Self Portrait in a Full-Collared Robe

名稱:穿著皮毛領長袍的自畫像
Self-Portrait in a Fur-Collared Robe
年代: 1500
尺寸: 67.1 *48.7 cm
媒材: 石灰板 油彩
典藏單位: 慕尼黑
繪畫陳列館

圖片格式*(翻譯):
這是杜勒最重要的三幅自畫像中的最後一幅,於1500年,在他5月21日的29歲生日前完成。這幅畫的題字為: 「是以,我,來自紐倫堡的阿布雷希特.杜勒,在28歲時,以難以抹滅的顏色,畫下我的形象。」這是一個沉鬱的形象,主要以褐色來彩繪,基於樸質的黑色背景上。
畫中的臉吸引人的地方在於:與耶穌基督的臉龐相似。在中古時期晚期的藝術中,傳統上耶穌都是以正視前方,身體兩邊對稱的姿勢描繪。在這些傳統形象中,耶穌的頭髮是棕色、中分、且垂向兩邊肩膀的。在西方藝術史上,藝術家喜歡將自己的自畫像,以仿耶穌基督的形式呈現。在耶穌基督理想化的外表下,鼻子的形狀是不符常理的:杜勒以模仿耶穌基督的形式接近我們(觀賞者)。畫中的他蓄著短鬍子,即使由其他自畫像可得知,事實上杜勒留著一頭微紅色的金髮,然而在此,他將自己的頭髮畫成棕色。杜勒刻意要創造出像耶穌基督的形象,他的手舉到胸前,幾乎呈一個祝福的手勢。但是這手勢並沒有傲慢自大與褻瀆上帝的意味,這是一種信仰的表述: 耶穌基督是上帝之子,而上帝創造了人類。對杜勒來說,這幅自畫像在於認定,他的繪畫才能是上帝所賜予。

然而,在他的自畫像當中,杜勒稍微偏離了傳統的耶穌基督形象。除開外觀不說,這幅畫並非相當對稱的。頭部的位置偏離了畫板的正中央,而偏向右側,另外,頭髮的分邊也並非完全中分,有幾綹頭髮分別散列於額頭上。眼神直視的方向有點偏向畫板的左邊。杜勒穿著的是當代的衣服,他穿一件相當時髦,有皮草滾邊的袍子。因此,這幅畫是相當以個人為出發的,另外,這種「難以抹滅的顏色」,仍得以讓我們想像杜勒的晚年的相貌。
*穿著皮毛領長袍的自畫像(Self-portrait in a Fur-Collared Robe ): 圖片與原文說明請見:Web Galley of Art
說http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/html/d/durer/1/03/1self28.html

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